NEWS

Pathology

This branch of medical science deals with the morbid anatomy of deceased organs, microscopic changes that follow a disease, detection of abnormal and cancerous cells, etc.

OBJECTIVES

The broad goal of teaching an undergraduate student in Pathology is to provide the students with a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanism and cause of the disease with corresponding tissue changes to achieve a complete understanding of the natural history and clinical manifestation and to diagnose with appropriate laboratory investigations. The broad goal of teaching an undergraduate student in Pathology is to provide the students with a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanism and cause of the disease with corresponding tissue changes to achieve a complete understanding of the natural history and clinical manifestation and to diagnose with appropriate laboratory investigations.

COURSE CONTENTS

  • Knowledge: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to :
  • Describe the structure of a sick cell, mechanisms of cell degeneration, cell death and repair and be able to Correlate structural and functional Alterations.
  • Explain the pathophysiological process which governs the maintenance of fluid and homeostasis, the mechanisms of their disturbance and the morphological and clinical manifestations associated with it.
  • Describe the mechanisms and patterns of tissue response to injury so that he/she can appreciate the pathophysiology of disease processes and their clinical manifestations.
  • Correlate normal and altered morphology (gross and microscopic) of different organ systems in common diseases to the extent needed for an understanding of disease processes and their clinical significance.

    • SYLLABUS

    II. M.B.B.S. PATHOLOGY SYLLABUS (PRACTICAL – BY STUDENT, DEMONSTRATION – BY FACULTY)

    1. HEMATOLOGY

    Introduction to Pathology
    • Bone marrow aspiration, Biopsy and cellular details Practicals
    • Clinical Pathology Introduction. Demonstration :
    • Demonstration: Bonemarrow aspiration Instruments, Bonemarrow slides – normal.
     2. R.B.C. DISORDERS – ANAEMIAS, CLASSIFICATION AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
    • Iron deficiency anaemias & Sideroblastic anaemias.
    • Megoloblastic anaemias
    • Hemolytic anaemias – Congenital and Acquired
    • Aplastic anaemias and Symptomatic Anaemias.
    • Polycythemia
    Practicals
    • Perform Hb, R.B.C. Count
    • Iron deficiency anaemia view the slide & record
    • Macrocytic anaemia view the slide & record
    • Megaloblastic marrow view the slide & record
    • Aplastic marrow, Peripheral smear study, view the slides & record.
    3. Demonstrations
    • P.C.V.
    • Sickle cells
    • Thalassemia – Peripheral smear
    • Spherocytic anaemia
    • Haemoglobin Electrophoresis
    • Reticulocytes
    • Heinz bodies
    • Leukopenia, agranulocytosis and Leukocytosis
    • Leukemias & Multiple myeloma
    Practicals
    • Total W.B.C. count Differential count
    • Neutrophilia Eosinphilia AML, ALL, CML, CLL
    Demonstrations
    • Guidance and questions Cytochemical stains
    4. COAGULATION DISORDERS
    • Vascular disorders
    • Platelets disorders
    • Coagulation factor deficiency
    Practicals
    • Platelet counts
    Demonstration
    • Bleeding time, Clotting time.
    5. BLOOD GROUP, BLOOD BANKING SYSTEM AND TRANSFUSION REACTIONS Practicals
    • Blood group & RH Factor
    Demonstration
    • Blood Bank
    • Blood Bank Working Pattern
    6. LYMPH NODES
    • Specific and nonspecific lymphadenitis
    • Lymphomas
    Practicals
    • Lymphomas – specimen
    • Lymphomas – slides
    • Secondary deposits (specimen) & slide
    Demonstration
    • Guidance
    7. SPLEEN
    • Splenomegaly
    Practicals
    • CVC Spleen – Specimen & slide CML Spleen, Gauchers spleen – specimen Amyloidosis spleen (Amyloidosis)
    Demonstration

    Guidance General Pathology

    1. a). CELL INJURY AND CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
    • Etiologic factors and mechanisms, hypoxia, oxygen radical injury and hyperexis, chemical agents, radiation, Immunological mediators, infectious agents and genetic factors.
    Practical :(Student)

    Introduction to Histopathology and cytology Laboratory & Museum. Cloudy swelling kidney – specimen & slide.

    Demonstration : (Faculty activity)

    Guidance slides

    8 b). Reversible and irreversible cell injury and intracellular accumulations, Pathological calcifications.
    • Adaptation to cell injury, Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia.
    Practicals
    • Fatty change – Liver specimen & slide
    Demonstration
    • Guidance – Pathological calcification – specimen
    9. INFLAMMATION
    • Patterns of inflammation, acute responses and chronic responses. Humoral and cellular participants of humoral inflammation elements, blood-borne cells, and stromal elements.
    Demonstrations
    • Abpscess – Liver or Lung – Specimen
    10. MOLECULAR BASIS FOR INFLAMMATORY EVENTS 
    • Chemical mediators, vascular, cellular and molecular events of inflammation, regulation of inflammation.
    Practicals
    • Acute appendicitis Specimen and slides Chronic inflammation, Tuberculous granuloma, Foreign body granuloma slides.
    Demonstrations
    • Abscess – Liver or Lung – Specimen Guidance with slides
    11. Repair and regeneration

    components of repair and regeneration reactions, cells of the repair process. Mechanism of repair. Regeneration and healing in specific organs. E.g. Fracture Healing.

    Practicals 
    • Granulation tissue
    Demonstrations:

    Guidance

    12. GENETICS:

    Introduction to Medical genetics

    13. HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS.
    • Normal hemostasis, abnormal hemostasis – Vascular defects, Platelet defects, defect of coagulation proteins, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thrombosis
    Practicals 
    • Venous thrombus specimen, Organisation of thrombus slides.
    Demonstrations 
    • Thrombus in the left atrium, Coronary arteries
    14. CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCE
    • Edema, hyperemia and congestion, shock, embolism, infarction and gangrene
    Practicals 
  • Filarial leg – specimen, CVC – Liver, Lung, Spleen – specimen and slides.
  • Embolus – Pulmonary – Specimen, Infarction – Heart, Lung, Specimen and Gangrene foot – Specimen.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Pulmonary oedema – Specimen and slide, Shock – kidney specimen. Gangrene intestine.
    • 15. NEOPLASIA
  • Definition & Tumour Nomenclatures. Characteristics of Neoplastic Cells. Aetiology of Neoplasia. Demographic and Familiar aspects of Cancers. Laboratory Diagnosis.
    • Practicals 
  • Benign – Lipoma, Leiomyoma, capillary and cavernous angioma schwannoma. Cystic Teratoma – Ovary, Squamous papilloma, Villous papilloma, Adenomatous polyp – Intestine, Chondroma.
  • Malignant – squamous Cell carcinoma, Chondrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma, Malignant Melanoma – All specimens and slides. Metastatic Deposit – Lymph node, Cytology – Malignant Cells.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Dysplasia F.N.A.C. – Positive slides – Guidance and slides Cytology PAP Skin.
    • 16. IMMUNO PATHOLOGY 
  • Immune responses, Atopic and Anaphylactic reactions, Cytotoxic reactions, complex immune reactions, and delayed granulomatous hypersensitivity reactions.
  • Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases. Primary Immunodeficiencies, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome &Amyloidosis.
    • Practicals 
  • Amyloid – Liver, Spleen, Kidney Specimens
    • Demonstrations 

    Guidance and Slides

    17.NUTRITIONAL DEPRIVATION DISEASES & RADIATION INJURIES
  • Protein calorie Malnutrition and Vitamin deficiencies.
    • 18. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
  • Bacterial Diseases – Gram +ve gram-negative infections Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Syphilis, Fungal Diseases, Protozoal Diseases – Amoeba, Malaria.
    • Practicals
  • Actinomycosis, Maduramycosis Specimens and slides. Syphilis – Gumma.
  • Tuberculous lymphadenitis Tuberculosis – Lung primary complex and adult Tuberculous. Leprosy -Lerpromatous & Tuberculoid.
  • An amoebic abscess (LIVER) and ulcer intestine, Malarial – Spleen, Specimens. Demonstrations :
    • Guidance and slides

    SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY

    19. VASCULAR SYSTEM 
  • Atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis and Aneurysms.
    • Practicals 
  • Atherosclerosis – Aorta – Specimen and slide. Aortic Aneurysms – Syphilitic and Atherosclerotic- Specimen.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Slides and Guidance.
    • 20. PATHOLOGY OF HEART 
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease, Bacterial Endocarditis, Myocardial Infarction, Hypertensive Heart Disease, Tumours of the Heart & Blood Vessels.
    • Practicals 
  • Rheumatic mitral stenosis, Bacterial endocarditis, Myocardial Infarction, Hypertensive Cardiac Hypertrophy- Specimens.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Left Atrial myxoma specimen.
    • 21. PATHOLOGY OF LUNG 
  • Bronchial Asthma, Pneumonia – Bronchial & Lobar, Interstitial Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Bronchiectases and lung abscess, Pnemoconiosis, Tumours of Lungs and Pleura.
    • Practicals 
  • Labour pneumonia – Red & Grey hepatization, Bronchiectasis Lung abscess, pulmonary tuberculosis, Emphysema – specimen & slide, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Secondary deposit lung – specimen.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance with slides.
    • 22. PATHOLOGY OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT
  • Pleomorphic Adenoma of the salivary gland, Carcinoma Esophagus, peptic ulcer, gastric polyps, and gastric carcinoma. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, Tumours of small and large intestines.
    • Practicals 
  • Mixed Tumors – salivary gland specimen & slide, carcinoma oesophagus -specimen. Gastric ulcer and carcinoma – specimen & slide Ulcers of the small intestine – typhoid Chron’s large intestine amoebic ulcer, carcinoma small & large intestines.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance with slides
    • 23. LIVER, BILIARY TRACTS AND PANCREAS
  • Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Tumours of the liver Cholecystitis, Gall stone, Tumour of gall bladder Acute Pancreatitis
    • Practicals 
  • Cirrhosis – liver specimen with slides
  • Hepatoma – specimen with slides
  • Gallstone – specimen
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance
    • 24. KIDNEY
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
    • Practicals 
  • Contracted kidney specimen
  • Chronic nephritis specimen
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance Tubule – interstitial diseases
  • Nephrosclerosis, Renal calculi
  • Tumours of the kidney and the urinary bladder
    • Practicals 
  • Chronic pyelonephritis specimen & slides Transitional cell carcinoma specimen and slides
    • Demonstrations 

    Guidance

    25. GENITAL SYSTEM MALE 
  • Carcinoma penis and premalignant lesions, tumours of the testis. Prostate -benign hypertrophy and tumours.
    •  Practicals
  • Carcinoma penis – specimen and slides
  • Seminoma specimen and slides
  • B.H.P. specimen and slides 
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance E.S.T.
  • Malignant Teratoma
  • Carcinoma Prostate
    • 26. GENITAL SYSTEM – FEMALE
  • Carcinoma – cervix & Premalignant lesion, tumours of the body of the uterus
  • Endometriosis
  • Ovarian tumours
  • Trophoblastic tumours
    • Practicals
  • Carcinoma – Cervix specimen, fibroid uterus slides
  • Carcinoma endometrium slide
  • Endometrium proliferative/ slide
  • Endometrium secretory / slide
  • Serous cystadenoma – specimen & slide
  • Musinous cystadenoma specimen & slide
  • Papillary serous carcinoma specimen
  • Dysgerminoma
  • Dermoid cyst
    • Demonstrations
  • Guidance with slides
    • 27. BREAST
  • Tumours of the breast
    • Practicals 
  • Fibroadenoma breast specimen & slide
  • Infiltrating ductal carcinoma specimen & slide
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance / other types of breast carcinoma.
    • 28. ENDOCRINE
  • Thyroid/thyroiditis, goitre and tumours of thyroid Phaeo chromocytoma and Neuroblastoma. Pancreas – diabetes and tumours MEN
    • Practicals 
  • Colloid goitre specimen / slide Toxic goitre specimen / slide Follicular adenoma specimen / slide Papillary carcinoma specimen / slide
    • 29. SKIN
  • Premalignant lesions and tumours.
    • Practicals 
  • Basal cell carcinoma specimens and slides Squamous cell carcinoma specimens and Malignant melanoma specimens and slides.
    • Demonstrations: Guidance 30. SKELETAL SYSTEM 
  • Osteomyelitis, bone tumours.
    • Practicals 
  • Osteogenic sarcoma, giant cell tumour, Ewings sarcoma – Specimens and slides.
    • Demonstrations 
  • Guidance
    • 31. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 
  • Meningitis, tumours.
    • Practicals 
  • CSF in meningitis – chart.
  • The student’s activity includes frequent symposia & group discussions, internal assessment tests, model practical, and viva. C.P.C. discussion modules with the association of corresponding clinical faculty.
  • Post-mortem demonstration – 10 can be integrated with the forensic department.
    • Skills At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
  • 1. Describe the rationale and principles of technical procedures of the diagnostic laboratory tests and interpretation of the results :
  • 2. Perform simple bedside tests on blood, urine and biological fluids samples.
  • 3. Draw a rational scheme of investigations aimed at diagnosing and managing the causes of common disorders.
  • 4. Understand biochemical / Physiological disturbances that occur due to disease in collaboration with preclinical departments.
    • Teaching & Learning Methods 
  • Structured interactive sessions
  • Small group discussion
  • Practical, including demonstrations
  • Problem-based exercises
  • Written case scenario
  • Self-learning tools
  • Interactive learning
  • e-modules